INTRODUCTION:

Humans, lamentably, have used all the available technologies for destruction of enemies as well as for beneficial functions for the duration of history. organic retailers are one in all them. aside from the conventional guns various nations have developed a ramification of guns of mass destruction e.g. Nuclear, chemical and organic weapons. Terrorists can get manage of these weapons and may motive havoc. The concept of employing ailment as a weapon has existed for centuries. various factors have motivated a number of countries to pursue organic struggle (BW) for the duration of the 20^th century. international agreements, along with organic guns and pollutants convention (BWC), have arguably executed little to discourage BW programs.¹ Sometimes the purpose is causing panic rather than destruction like dirty bombs; conventional bombs with nuclear waste which spread on detonation and people get panicky. Biological warfare and bioterrorism is a powerful tool in the hands of the states and terrorists. records dates returned to the eighteenth century (1754 – 1767) whilst British distributed blankets used by small pox patients to the local people and the mortality in a few tribes had been as excessive as 50%. eastern extensively utilized smallpox weapon against the Mongolians and Chinese all through II international war. The desired agents are bacillus anthraces, Yersinia pasties, small pox virus or any genetically engineered organism that may continue to exist, express or perpetuate in the herbal surroundings. BWs are clubbed with the nuclear and chemical guns. however, bows are very exceptional, while nuclear and chemical attacks cause their harm maximally immediately, biological attacks end up occur after someday.²

Definition:

Organic weapons are described as “microorganisms that infect and grow within the target host generating a medical disorder that kills or incapacitates.” Such microbes can be herbal, wild- kind strains or may be the result of genetically engineered organisms. those can be the products of metabolism (normally of microbial foundation) that kill the targeted host and consist of organic pollutants, in addition to materials that intervene with ordinary behavior, which includes hormones, neuropeptides and cytokines. it's miles now viable to layout and manufacture materials that mimic the motion of biologics e.g. Nerve gases, insecticides etc. "clothier" substances will also be created that may be specially targeted to a selected cellular-type in an enemy (e.g. people with blonde hair and blue eyes)³.

Superior biological battle retailers (ABW):

Developed technology throughout more than one disciplines inside the organic sciences have revolutionized bower by means of facilitating a completely new class of absolutely engineered agents referred to as superior organic conflict (abs) dealers. emerging biotechnologies possibly will cause a paradigm shift in bow agent development; future organic retailers might be rationally engineered to goal specific human biological structures on the molecular level. that is a departure from the conventional version of BW, that's cantered on the naturally occurring agent, not the target organism. organic technology permit BW agent builders to become aware of biochemical pathways critical for physiological techniques and engineer particular abw sellers to exploit vulnerabilities The risk supplied via traditional dealers has been growing for the reason that early 20^th century but sooner or later will stage off due to primary elements:

1. Development of targeted medical countermeasures probably will reduce threats posed by current biological warfare agents.

2. The number of such agents that contain properties suitable for biological warfare is finite.

Fig. 1: Effect of Biological warfare

Effect of Biotechnology on Biological Warfare Conventional / Traditional Agent:

Historically, BW agents of concern have included a selective group of pathogens and toxins. They are all naturally occurring organisms or their toxic product, e.g. Anthrax, plague, botulin toxin, Murray valley encephalitis virus etc.

Some Potential Bacterial, Viral and Toxic B

Bacteria	Viruses	Toxins
Bacillus anthraces	Areola virus	Cholera toxin
Clostridium Perfringens	Rift velley	Botulinum toxin
C. Tetani	Murray valley encephalitis virus	Tetanus toxin
C. Botulinum toxins	Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus	C. Perfringens toxin
Ehec 0157 and other serotoxin serotypes	Ebola and Marburg viruses	Moleskin
Legionella pneumophila	Japanese encephalitis virus	Ricin, baring
Yersinia pasties, pseudo tuberculosis	Dengue fever virus	Shiga toxin
Rubella aborts	Looping ill virus	Trichothecenes
B. Melitensis and b. Suis	Oropouche virus	Volcanism

Genetically Modified Agents:

with the advent of recombinant and technology, an organism's genetic makeup may be altered and genetically modified BW agents may be produced. Examples of potential modifications include antibiotic resistance, increased aerosol stability, or heightened pathogenesis. Importantly, genetic modifications may alter

· Unusual clinical presentation could allow a biological warfare attack to be mischaracterized as a natural outbreak and remain undetected.

· Development of novel agents previously unknown to the medical community would yield BW agents that are difficult to diagnose and treat.

· Advanced agents could be developed to circumvent vaccines or treatments designed to counter traditional agents.

· Agents could be tailored to target a specific population based on genetic or cultural traits.

· Sterilizing, oncogenic, or debilitating agents could be created for use as a strategic weapon against a target population for long-term effects. These new use options likely will make bow more attractive. Thus, advances in biotechnology research may lead to a coming revolution in BW development for technologically proficient rogue nations and possibly sophisticated

Fig. 2: genetically modified Agent

Bioterrorist attack, bio crime or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution purposes (who was responsible for the crime.³ Microbial forensics has led to some high-pro-file discoveries. For example, sequencing of amplified viral fragments from the dentist and the infected patients supported the alleged transmission of HIV from a Florida dentist to several patients. Recently, using multiple locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) analysis, the Aim shinrikyo b. Anthraces bioterror strain was identified as the veterinary vaccine strain, Sterne 34f26

Fig. 3: Microbial forensics

Importance of Microbial Forensics:

It will help law enforcement to perceive the source of the evidence sample. proof can stand to the scrutiny of judges inside the court docket in addition to country wide decision and coverage makers.

1. Prevents and deters bio crime and identifies perpetrators

2. Having a properly-prepared response plan may discourage as a minimum some terrorists.

3. instances in which inflamed human beings have deliberately infected others might also well emerge as in court docket.

Four. a chief gain, however, is that a whole lot of the outcome might also be relevant to tracing herbal outbreaks of disorder.

Psychiatrists, social employees and volunteer non secular and NGOs by means of providing mental help. On the equal time tension within the fitness care companies need to additionally be looked after and they should be nicely knowledgeable to defend themselves. This fear may be significantly reduced if they are often taking part inside the catastrophe drills held often. must be well knowledgeable through the media approximately the functions of the ailment, its mode of unfold, precautions to be taken and whilst and wherein must they seek medical advice. this could substantially alleviate the anxiety, fear and misunderstanding in the public who normally in such instances attribute nonspecific symptoms to an attack of bioterrorism. We have to expand and follow biosafety precautions and safeguards in establishments. handling probably harmful and threatening organism, which can be used as an agent of bioterrorism. We should put together emergency plans to address the bioterrorism attack and there ought to be concord among diverse organizations concerned in tackling such conditions. We should have precise operating family members with the media to keep away from panic and horror.

Need people For “next-era “tactics to Biodefense⁵

First, sources have to be allotted to allow evaluation of rising biotechnologies which can inspire abw agent development and prioritize threats presented by the agents. hints from intelligence professionals regarding BW retailers need to be considered when figuring out studies priorities. Importantly, these assessments should be primarily based generally on overseas technological abilities.

2d, a federally funded venue for experimentally validating biotechnology hazard assessments wishes to be installed. lots of their findings of risk evaluation research have to no longer be published openly; [12] but, public confidence in this attempt will be maintained with the aid of organising an unbiased panel of bioscience professionals responsible for approving and reviewing studies on the facility.

0.33, a few federal bioscience research budget ought to be allocated to promote development of next-era structures for environmental detection, clinical diagnostics, prophylactics, and therapeutics. Researchers must be cantered on figuring out sellers based on the presence of a panel of indicators, maintaining in thoughts that such sellers likely might incorporate guidelines and requirements advanced via the assigned lead agency, and key stakeholders.

Decide the ability effect and value of microbial forensics and the npfbwt on international non-proliferation, counter proliferation, and deterrence of BWs and bioterrorism. Execute a countrywide summit on microbial forensics, together with the npfbwt, for key scientists, organizations, organizations, and stakeholders to provoke national awareness and course.

Biodefense:

Essential Challenges are⁷

· right collection of specimens at web page

· spotting that an assault is taking place and prompt management of the ailment

· analysis of specimens.

· Validation -- first-class warranty and manipulate

Critical Measures and handling of Such disasters:

Preventive measures:

1. develop full global cooperation on managing this hassle.

2. train at threat populations

three. Coordinate the tracking of the capability producers and users of bow four. maintain to improve on BW tracking techniques and apparatus.

5. Stockpile BW preventing substances. Detection of BW is a massive trouble except it is an announced event with the aid of the terrorists but this will not be usually and it is able to be a covert occurrence; oftentimes there may be hoaxes simplest.in such conditions it is able to come to be very crucial to stumble on and diagnose such an attack precisely. Such attacks may be tackled best with the aid of the awareness. it could be integrated into emergency control or another mass catastrophe control. it'll contain a multidisciplinary approach concerning fitness departments of the governments, non-public health care vendors, local management, epidemiologists and media humans and there need to be effective verbal exchange between these corporations. There have to be right lab facilities to diagnose and verify shape the samples which ought to be well packed to prevent the unfold of the disorder from the samples. Triple packing is cautioned and there ought to be no leakage. site visitors need to be strictly prohibited to visit the sufferers inside the hospitals. Decontamination of the patient and surroundings must be taken into consideration in case of gross contamination and removed clothes need to be treated minimally and ought to be installed an impervious bag. right arrangements ought to also be made to handle big variety of cadavers. at some stage in post-mortem on such instances all well-known precautions have to be taken to prevent the spread of the sickness and family have to be advised to take precautions whilst cremating or burying them. typically there's panic, horror and anger in opposition to the kingdom and terrorists. there's worry of contamination and social isolation, main to demoralization of the public. Such an event ought to be treated cautiously with the aid of trained genetic material from an expansion of organisms, which includes human beings, microorganism, and viruses. a hit implementation of a national biosecurity method would require integration of an expansion of impartial efforts across the federal, bioscience research, and medical/public fitness.

REFERENCES:

1. James B, Theodore R, Jack A. Biotechnology impact on biological warfare and biosecurity and bioterrorism. Biodefense strategy, practice, and science. 2003; 3(1).

2. Raghunath D. Biological Warfare: bioterrorism, in: XXIV National congress of Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists. 2000; Patel cess (Ed) .

3. Biological Warfare : bioterrorism; Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2002; 20(1): 6-11

4. Budowle B. Genetics and attribution issues that confront the microbial forensics field, forensic

5. Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science volume 1, number 3, 2003 science international. 2004: s185- s188

6. Centres for disease control and prevention, morbid. Mortal. wkly.rep; 1991: 40, 21, 33 .

7. Abigail AS. Microbes in court: the emerging field of microbial forensics action. Accessed at www.bioscience.org

Received on 09.09.2023 Accepted on 07.11.2023

Int. J. Tech. 2023; 13(2):85-89.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-3915.2023.00011